From Land Tenure Uncertainty to Political Participation: Citizen Experiences, Institutional Trust, and Informal Political Education in Rural Indonesia
Abstract
This study aims to examine how land tenure uncertainty shapes the political behavior, institutional participation, and state society relations of the Nagori Purba Sipinggan community during the implementation of Indonesia’s Agrarian Reform Program (Tanah Objek Reforma Agraria—TORA). Employing a qualitative case-study design, data were collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews, field observations, and documentary analysis involving five purposively selected informants representing forestry authorities, village government, the village council, and affected farmers; the data were analyzed iteratively through open coding, categorization, thematic analysis, and cross-source comparison. The findings show that tenure insecurity transformed individual concerns into collective political articulation through musyawarah nagori and subsequent participation in TORA procedures. Administratively, 265 land parcels involving 289 community members were processed; of approximately 500 hectares examined, around 300 hectares were identified as potential objects for release and redistribution. However, policy delays, uneven access to information, and institutional inconsistency transformed initial optimism into conditional trust, repeated demands for clarification, and selective resistance rather than political withdrawal. These findings indicate that TORA operates not merely as an administrative mechanism but also as an arena of informal political learning in which citizens develop procedural knowledge, evaluate state responsiveness, and exercise participatory-critical citizenship. The study is limited by its single-village setting and five informants; future comparative and mixed-method research should examine whether similar relationships between tenure uncertainty, political trust, participation, and political learning emerge across different TORA implementation contexts.
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